[Linux] 기본 명령어 정리

기본 개념

GNU 프로젝트의 일환

누구나 사용할 수 있는 오픈소스

ubuntu, centos, opensuse, debian 등등 여러가지 리눅스 존재

패키지
.deb
.rpm

디렉토리
홈디렉토리 /root /home
유저 명령어 /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin
시스템 명령어 /sbin, /usr/sbin
마운트 /media, /mnt
설정정보 /etc
임시파일 /tmp
커널 및 부트로더 /boot
서버 데이터 /var /srv
시스템 정보 /proc, /sys
라이브러리 /lib, /usr/lib

기본 명령어

#디렉토리 확인
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ ls -al
total 20
drwx------. 4 vagrant vagrant 132 Jan 14 10:54 .
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root    root     21 Jun  8  2021 ..
drwx------. 3 vagrant vagrant  37 Jun  8  2021 .ansible
-rw-------. 1 vagrant vagrant  16 Jan 14 10:54 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 1 vagrant vagrant  18 Apr  1  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--. 1 vagrant vagrant 193 Apr  1  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--. 1 vagrant vagrant 231 Apr  1  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 2 vagrant vagrant  29 Jan 14 10:52 .ssh
-rw-r--r--. 1 vagrant vagrant   6 Jun  8  2021 .vbox_version
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ clear

#유저 확인
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ whoami
vagrant

#현재 디렉토리
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/vagrant

#OS 정보
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"

#Root 권한 변경
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ sudo -i
[root@localhost ~]# whoami
root

#/etc 디렉토리
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc
[root@localhost etc]# ls
adjtime                  crypttab                 groff        krb5.conf.d               netconfig          profile.d         sasl2           system-release
aliases                  csh.cshrc                group        ld.so.cache               NetworkManager     protocols         securetty       system-release-cpe
aliases.db               csh.login                group-       ld.so.conf                networks           python            security        tcsd.conf
alternatives             dbus-1                   grub2.cfg    ld.so.conf.d              nfs.conf           rc0.d             selinux         terminfo
anacrontab               default                  grub.d       libaudit.conf             nfsmount.conf      rc1.d             services        tmpfiles.d
asound.conf              depmod.d                 gshadow      libnl                     nsswitch.conf      rc2.d             sestatus.conf   tuned
audisp                   dhcp                     gshadow-     libuser.conf              nsswitch.conf.bak  rc3.d             shadow          udev
audit                    DIR_COLORS               gss          locale.conf               openldap           rc4.d             shadow-         vconsole.conf
bash_completion.d        DIR_COLORS.256color      gssproxy     localtime                 opt                rc5.d             shells          virc
bashrc                   DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor  host.conf    login.defs                os-release         rc6.d             skel            wgetrc
binfmt.d                 dracut.conf              hostname     logrotate.conf            pam.d              rc.d              ssh             wpa_supplicant
centos-release           dracut.conf.d            hosts        logrotate.d               passwd             rc.local          ssl             X11
centos-release-upstream  e2fsck.conf              hosts.allow  lvm                       passwd-            redhat-release    statetab        xdg
chkconfig.d              environment              hosts.deny   machine-id                pkcs11             request-key.conf  statetab.d      xinetd.d
chrony.conf              ethertypes               idmapd.conf  magic                     pki                request-key.d     subgid          yum
chrony.keys              exports                  init.d       makedumpfile.conf.sample  plymouth           resolv.conf       subuid          yum.conf
cifs-utils               exports.d                inittab      man_db.conf               pm                 rpc               sudo.conf       yum.repos.d
cron.d                   favicon.png              inputrc      mke2fs.conf               polkit-1           rpm               sudoers
cron.daily               filesystems              iproute2     modprobe.d                popt.d             rsyncd.conf       sudoers.d
cron.deny                firewalld                issue        modules-load.d            postfix            rsyslog.conf      sudo-ldap.conf
cron.hourly              fstab                    issue.net    motd                      ppp                rsyslog.d         sysconfig
cron.monthly             gcrypt                   kdump.conf   mtab                      prelink.conf.d     rwtab             sysctl.conf
crontab                  gnupg                    kernel       my.cnf                    printcap           rwtab.d           sysctl.d
cron.weekly              GREP_COLORS              krb5.conf    my.cnf.d                  profile            samba             systemd
#/tmp 디렉토리
[root@localhost etc]# cd /tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
ks-script-2jyllt  packer-provisioner-ansible-local  systemd-private-3dcf2b8b3f4d4373813b60b51739be47-chronyd.service-etpEV2  yum.log
ks-script-3wXFeZ  ssh-ANiR8K6Thv                    vboxguest-Module.symvers
#/boot 디렉토리
[root@localhost tmp]# cd /boot
[root@localhost boot]# ls
config-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64  initramfs-0-rescue-0360a9124ae14542bcc5792000db0717.img  System.map-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64
config-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64       initramfs-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64.img                System.map-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
efi                                 initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img                     vmlinuz-0-rescue-0360a9124ae14542bcc5792000db0717
grub                                symvers-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64.gz                   vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64
grub2                               symvers-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.gz                        vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost boot]# cd grub
[root@localhost grub]# ls
splash.xpm.gz
#/proc 디렉토리
[root@localhost grub]# cd /proc/
[root@localhost proc]# ls
1     1212  1970  25   291  368  388  46   51   560  579  632  7     buddyinfo  dma          irq         locks         partitions   sys            vmstat
10    13    1972  26   292  369  389  461  513  561  580  637  744   bus        driver       kallsyms    mdstat        sched_debug  sysrq-trigger  zoneinfo
100   14    1990  27   293  37   390  47   530  562  581  639  8     cgroups    execdomains  kcore       meminfo       schedstat    sysvipc
1014  16    2     273  3    38   391  477  554  563  582  64   868   cmdline    fb           keys        misc          scsi         timer_list
1020  17    20    28   30   383  392  48   555  564  6    641  9     consoles   filesystems  key-users   modules       self         timer_stats
11    19    21    288  31   384  393  49   556  575  609  648  991   cpuinfo    fs           kmsg        mounts        slabinfo     tty
1198  1940  22    289  358  385  394  5    557  576  613  65   992   crypto     interrupts   kpagecount  mtrr          softirqs     uptime
12    1943  23    29   359  386  4    50   558  577  614  650  993   devices    iomem        kpageflags  net           stat         version
1211  1944  24    290  36   387  454  500  559  578  631  660  acpi  diskstats  ioports      loadavg     pagetypeinfo  swaps        vmallocinfo
[root@localhost proc]# uptime
 12:00:51 up 5 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.04, 0.04
[root@localhost proc]# cat /proc/uptime
327.51 624.30
[root@localhost proc]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            486          98         282           4         105         370
Swap:          1023           0        1023


[root@localhost proc]# uptime
 12:00:51 up 5 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.04, 0.04
[root@localhost proc]# cat /proc/uptime
327.51 624.30
#메모리 확인
[root@localhost proc]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            486          98         282           4         105         370
Swap:          1023           0        1023
[root@localhost proc]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  original-ks.cfg

#mkdir / cp / touch 테스트
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir dev
[root@localhost ~]# cd dev
[root@localhost dev]# pwd
/root/dev
[root@localhost dev]# touch testfile
[root@localhost dev]# ls
testfile
[root@localhost dev]# cat testfile
[root@localhost dev]# touch file{1..3}.txt
[root@localhost dev]# ls
file1.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt  testfile
[root@localhost dev]# cp file1.txt file1-update.txt
[root@localhost dev]# ls
file1.txt  file1-update.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt  testfile
[root@localhost dev]# cd ..
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  dev  original-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r dev/ dev-paste/
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  dev  dev-paste  original-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# cd dev-paste/
[root@localhost dev-paste]# ls
file1.txt  file1-update.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt  testfile
[root@localhost dev-paste]# touch movefile
[root@localhost dev-paste]# ls
file1.txt  file1-update.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt  movefile  testfile
[root@localhost dev-paste]# mv movefile ../dev
[root@localhost dev-paste]# cd ../dev
dev/       dev-paste/
[root@localhost dev-paste]# cd ../dev
[root@localhost dev]# ls
file1.txt  file1-update.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt  movefile  testfile

 

VIM 편집기 기본

gg - 제일 첫 페이지
G - 제일 끝 페이지

w - 문자열 끝
b - 문자열 처음

숫자 + w - 숫자번째 단어 끝
숫자 + b - 숫자번째 단어 처음

u - 되돌리기
U - 전체 되돌리기
ctrl + r - 되돌린거 다시 변경

yy - 라인 복사
숫자 + yy - 숫자 라인 복사

p - 아래 라인에 붙여넣기
P - 윗라인에 붙여넣기

dw - 단어 삭제
x - 하나 삭제
dd - 라인 삭제

/ - 찾기
:set nu - 라인 넘버 출력

/q - 저장하지 않고 나가기
/wq - 저장하고 나가기